Skip to main navigation menu Skip to main content Skip to site footer

Focus

Vol. 23 No. 2 (2026)

Writing, transmission, and the politics of knowledge in early modern handbooks of water management and hydraulics

DOI
https://doi.org/10.57617/gal-129
Submitted
9 April 2026
Published
2026-11-01

Abstract

This article analyses six handbooks of water management written by publicly employed hydraulic officials in Augsburg, Barcelona, Bologna, Florence, Naples, and Rouen in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. So far studied primarily from a local perspective, each of these handbooks has often been described as an exceptional source. By comparing them here for the first time, we argue instead that they formed an emerging genre in early modern Europe. This genre aimed at achieving status for author and discipline alike: by claiming a degree of specialisation and expertise, the hydraulic officials who wrote these six handbooks also claimed a degree of specialisation for their field, water management. We argue that the genre of early modern handbooks of water management has been overlooked in the historiography, and that a focus on it is useful to understand the emergence of increasingly specialised hydraulic experts and their body of knowledge about waters in early modern Europe.

References

  1. Archival sources
  2. Augsburg
  3. StadtAAu = Stadtarchiv Augsburg, Kommunales Archivgut, Altbestände (KA-A), Baumeisteramt, VII: 28d, [1] (P. Marpeck, Bericht der brunwerck (1556)).
  4. StadtAAu, KA-A, Baumeisteramt, VIII: 212, 213.
  5. StadtAAu, KA-A, Wasserbriefe (Ordner 104).
  6. Barcelona
  7. AHCB = Arxiu Històric de la Ciutat de Barcelona, Consell de la Ciutat i Ajuntament Modern (CCiAM), Manuscrits, 01/1G-076, Llibre de les fonts. Available at https://catalegarxiumunicipal.bcn.cat/detail/130417682.
  8. AHCB, CCiAM, Registre de Deliberacions, 02.01/1B.II-159, 1650, ff. 325v.-326v.
  9. Florence
  10. ASF = Archivio di Stato di Firenze, Capitani di Parte Guelfa (CPG), Numeri Neri (NN) 8.
  11. BNCF = Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze, Manoscritti Palatini [Palat.] 788.
  12. BNCF, Landau Finaly 97.
  13. Naples
  14. BNP = Biblioteca nazionale di Napoli, Francesco Antonio Nigrone, Vari disegni di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone (ms. XII.G.59–60).
  15. Prato
  16. BRP = Biblioteca Roncioniana di Prato, Carteggi di Cesare Guasti 194.
  17. Rouen
  18. BMR = Bibliothèque municipale de Rouen, Manuscrits, Ms G3–1 (“Livre des Fontaines de Rouen (1526), par Jacques Le Lieur, échevin de Rouen”). Available at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b101021843.
  19. BMR, Manuscrits, Ms G3–2 (“Le cours de la Fontaine Gaalor” (1525–1526)). Available at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10052443d.
  20. BMR, Manuscrits, Ms G3–3 (“Le cours de la Fontaine de Carville” (1525–1526)). Available at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10052444v.
  21. BMR, Manuscrits, Ms G3–4 (“Le cours de la Fontaine de Yonville” (1525–1526)). Available at https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b10050017r.
  22. Secondary sources
  23. Ash, Eric H. “By Any Other Name: Early Modern Expertise and the Problem of Anachronism.” History and Technology 35:1 (2019): 3–30.
  24. Ash, Eric H. “Introduction: Expertise and the Early Modern State.” Osiris 25:1 (2010): 1–24.
  25. Ash, Eric H. The Draining of the Fens: Projectors, Popular Politics, and State Building in Early Modern England. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017.
  26. Astarita, Tommaso, ed. A Companion to Early Modern Naples. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2013.
  27. Barriendos, Mariano, and Santiago Gorostiza. “El context climàtic del Llibre de les fonts a partir de testimonis documentals històrics.” In El Llibre de les fonts: aigua, clima i societat a la Barcelona del segle XVII, edited by Maria Antònia Martí Escayol, Santiago Gorostiza, and Xavier Cazeneuve i Descarrega, 213–245. Catarroja: Editorial Afers, 2022.
  28. Blanshei, Sarah R., ed. A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2018.
  29. Bocchi, Francesca. “Shaping the City: Urban Planning and Physical Structures.” In A Companion to Medieval and Renaissance Bologna, edited by Sarah R. Blanshei, 56–102. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2018.
  30. Borzelli, Angelo. Giovanni Antonio Nigrone “fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua.” Napoli: Marghieri, 1902.
  31. Botero, Giovanni. The Reason of State. Translated by Robert Bireley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2017.
  32. Carnevale, Diego. “Tecnici e imprenditori dell’acqua nella Napoli moderna: fontanari, ingegneri, pozzari.” In Nigrone, Giovanni Antonio, I disegni e i discorsi di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone: “fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua” (1585–1609 ca.), edited by Gaia Bruno and David Gentilcore. Vol. 2, 79–88. Roma: Viella, 2024.
  33. Carreras y Candi, Francesc. Geografia General de Catalunya. La ciutat de Barcelona. Barcelona: Albert Martín, 1917.
  34. Ciriacono, Salvatore. “Trattati di agricoltura, di idraulica e di bonifica.” In Trattati di prospettiva, architettura militare, idraulica e altre discipline, edited by Decio Gioseffi, 45–60. Vicenza: Neri Pozza, 1985.
  35. Dumolyn, Jan. “The Common Good: The Central Ideological Signifier in Medieval Politics.” In A Cultural History of Democracy in the Medieval Age. Vol. 2, edited by David Napolitano and Kenneth Pennington. London: Bloomsbury, 2024.
  36. Eamon, William. Science and the Secrets of Nature. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1994.
  37. Edelstein, Bruce L. “‘Acqua viva e corrente’: Private Display and Public Distribution of Fresh Water at the Neapolitan Villa of Poggioreale as a Hydraulic Model for Sixteenth-Century Medici Gardens.” In Artistic Exchange and Cultural Transmission in the Italian Renaissance City, edited by Stephen J. Campbell & Stephen J. Milner, 187–220. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.
  38. Else, Felicia M. The Politics of Water in the Art and Festivals of Medici Florence: From Neptune Fountain to Naumachia. London: Routledge, 2018.
  39. Emmendörffer, Christoph and Christof Trepesch, eds. Wasser Kunst Augsburg: die Reichsstadt in ihrem Element (catalogue of exhibition at the Maximilianmuseum, Augsburg, 15 Jun to 30 Sep 2018). Regensburg: Verlag Schnell & Steiner, 2018.
  40. Ferretti, Emanuela. “‘Imminutus crevit’: Il problema della regimazione idraulica dai documenti degli ufficiali dei fiumi di Firenze (1549–1574).” In La città e il fiume: Secoli XIII–XIX, edited by Carlo Travaglini, 105–128. Roma: École française de Rome, 2008.
  41. Fouquet, Gerhard. “Wissen für die ‘schöne Stadt’. Endres Tuchers Baumeisterbuch und die Wasserversorgung Nürnbergs im 15. Jahrhundert.” In Wasser: Ressource - Gefahr - Leben, edited by Kurt Andermann and Gerrit Jasper Schenk, 47–78. Ostfildern: Jan Thorbecke Verlag, 2020.
  42. Geltner, Guy. Roads to Health: Infrastructure and Urban Wellbeing in Later Medieval Italy. Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2019.
  43. Gentilcore, David. “Between Practical Knowledge and Self-Promotion: Situating Giovanni Antonio Nigrone and His Manuscript.” In Nigrone, Giovanni Antonio, I disegni e i discorsi di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone: “fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua” (1585–1609 ca.), edited by Gaia Bruno and David Gentilcore. Vol. 2: 7–28. Roma: Viella, 2024.
  44. Gorostiza, Santiago, Maria Antònia Martí Escayol and Mariano Barriendos. “Controlling Water Infrastructure and Codifying Water Knowledge: Institutional Responses to Severe Drought in Barcelona (1620–1650).” Climate of the Past, 17:2 (2021): 913–927.
  45. Gorostiza, Santiago. “Guerres d’aigua i paper: l’excomunicació de Francesc Socies pel Capítol de la catedral de Barcelona i els silencis del Llibre de les fonts.” In El Llibre de les fonts: aigua, clima i societat a la Barcelona del segle XVII, edited by Maria Antònia Martí Escayol, Santiago Gorostiza, and Xavier Cazeneuve i Descarrega, 247–287. Catarroja: Editorial Afers, 2022.
  46. Gorostiza, Santiago. “Francesc Socies, mestre de cases i mestre de les fonts de Barcelona.” In El Llibre de les fonts: aigua, clima i societat a la Barcelona del segle XVII, edited by Maria Antònia Martí Escayol, Santiago Gorostiza, and Xavier Cazeneuve i Descarrega, 45–90. Catarroja: Editorial Afers, 2022.
  47. Grasso, Monica. “Laureti, Tommaso, detto il Siciliano.” In Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani 64 (2005). Online at https://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/laureti-tommaso-detto-il-siciliano_(Dizionario-Biografico)/; last access 18 March 2026.
  48. Griffiths, Paul. Information, Institutions, and Local Government in England, 1500–1700: Turning Inside. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2024.
  49. Guàrdia, Manuel. La revolució de l’aigua a Barcelona: de la ciutat preindustrial a la metròpoli moderna, 1867-1967. Barcelona : Ajuntament de Barcelona, 2011.
  50. Guàrdia, Manel and Hostench, Oriol. “Saber i pràctiques hidràuliques al Llibre de les fonts.” In El Llibre de les fonts: aigua, clima i societat a la Barcelona del segle XVII, edited by Maria Antònia Martí Escayol, Santiago Gorostiza, and Xavier Cazeneuve i Descarrega, 123–154. Catarroja: Editorial Afers, 2022.
  51. Harwood, Jonathan. “The Green Revolution as a Process of Global Circulation: Plants, People and Practices.” Historia Agraria 75 (2018): 7–31.
  52. Kempshall, Matthew S. The Common Good in Late Medieval Political Thought. Clarendon Press, 1999.
  53. Kilburn-Toppin, Jasmine. “Writing Knowledge, Forging Histories: Metallurgical Recipes, Artisan-Authors and Institutional Cultures in Early Modern London.” Cultural and Social History 18:3 (2021): 297–314.
  54. Lamberini, Daniela. “Il Tribolo ingegnere e lavori al Poggio a Caiano.” In Niccolò detto il Tribolo tra arte, architettura e paesaggio, edited by Elisabetta Pieri and Luigi Zangheri, 173–193. Poggio a Caiano: Comune di Poggio a Caiano, 2001.
  55. Le Lieur, Jacques. Le Livre enchaîné ou Livre des fontaines de Rouen: manuscrit de la Bibliothèque de Rouen, 1524-1525. Edited by V. Sanson. Rouen: imprimerie L. Wolf, 1911.
  56. Levollant, Anne-Bénédicte. “Le Livre des Fontaines.” In Rouen retrouvée: une ville du Moyen âge à la Révolution, edited by Vincent Maroteaux, 243–253. Rouen: Archives départementales de la Seine-Maritime & Méandres, 2021.
  57. Loffredo, Fernando. “La villa di Pedro de Toledo a Pozzuoli e una sicura provenienza per il Fiume di Pierino da Vinci al Louvre.” Rinascimento Meridionale 2 (2011): 100–121.
  58. Loffredo, Fernando. “La questione dell’attendibilità del manoscritto di Nigrone e la fontana del Sansone per don Luigi de Toledo.” In I disegni e i discorsi di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone: “fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua” (1585–1609 ca.), edited by Gaia Bruno and David Gentilcore. Vol. 2: 167–178. Roma: Viella, 2024.
  59. Long, Pamela O. Openness, Secrecy, Authorship: Technical Arts and the Culture of Knowledge from Antiquity to the Renaissance. Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001.
  60. Long, Pamela O. “Hydraulic Engineering and the Study of Antiquity: Rome, 1557–70.” Renaissance Quarterly 61 (2008): 1098–1138.
  61. Long, Pamela O. Artisan/Practitioners and the Rise of the New Sciences, 1400–1600. Corvallis: Oregon State University Press, 2011.
  62. Long, Pamela O. “Trading Zones in Early Modern Europe.” Isis 106:4 (2015): 840–847.
  63. Long, Pamela O. “Multi-tasking ‘Pre-professional’ Architect/Engineers and Other Bricolagic Practitioners as Key Figures in the Elision of Boundaries Between Practice and Learning in Sixteenth-Century Europe: Some Roman Examples.” In The Structures of Practical Knowledge, edited by Matteo Valleriani, 223–246. Cham: Springer, 2017.
  64. Long, Pamela O. Engineering the Eternal City: Infrastructure, Topography, and the Culture of Knowledge in Late Sixteenth-Century Rome. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2018.
  65. Long, Pamela O. “Manuals.” In Information: A Historical Companion, edited by Ann Blair et al., 589–593. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2021.
  66. Maffioli, Cesare S. Out of Galileo: The Science of Waters 1628–1718. Rotterdam: Erasmus Publishing, 1994.
  67. Maffioli, Cesare S. “A Fruitful Exchange/Conflict: Engineers and Mathematicians in Early Modern Italy.” Annals of Science 70:2 (2013): 197–228.
  68. Mansi, Maria Gabriella. “Le fontane di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone fra mito e leggenda.” In Nigrone, Giovanni Antonio, I disegni e i discorsi di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone: “fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua” (1585–1609 ca.), edited by Gaia Bruno and David Gentilcore. Vol. 2: 145–154. Roma: Viella, 2024.
  69. Marcon, Gabriele. “The Boundaries of Knowledge: Books, Experts, and Readers in Early Modern Mines.” Isis 116:1 (2025): 61–81.
  70. Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia, Santiago Gorostiza, and Xavier Cazeneuve i Descarrega. El Llibre de les fonts: Aigua, clima i societat a la Barcelona del segle XVII. Catarroja: Editorial Afers, 2022.
  71. Martí Escayol, Maria Antònia. “‘Vetx los anys com més anam són més estèrils de pocas ayguas.’ Escriptura, ideologia i transmissió de coneixement al Llibre de les fonts.” In El Llibre de les fonts: aigua, clima i societat a la Barcelona del segle XVII, edited by Maria Antònia Martí Escayol, Santiago Gorostiza, and Xavier Cazeneuve i Descarrega, 155–187. Catarroja: Editorial Afers, 2022.
  72. Martino, Davide. “Hydraulic Philosophy in Early Modern European Cities.” PhD dissertation, Cambridge University, 2023.
  73. Martino, Davide. “Mining for Water? Underground Sources of Hydraulic Knowledge and Expertise in Early Modern Europe.” Early Science and Medicine 30:1 (2025): 26–58.
  74. Ministero della Pubblica Istruzione, Indici e Cataloghi IV. I Codici Palatini della R. Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze. Vol. II, Fasc. 1. Roma: I Principali Librai, 1890.
  75. Morgan, Luke. Nature as Model: Salomon de Caus and Early Seventeenth-century Landscape Design. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2007.
  76. Mormone, Raffaele. Disegni per fontane di G. Antonio Nigrone. Napoli: Il Fuidoro, 1956.
  77. Morozzi, Ferdinando. Dello stato antico e moderno del Fiume Arno, e delle cause e de’ rimedi delle sue inondazioni. Ragionamento istorico mattematico dell’ ingegnere Ferdinando Morozzi di colle di valdelsa. Parte Prima, contenente la storia della inondazioni. Firenze: Stamperia di Gio. Battista Stecchi, 1762.
  78. Mukerji, Chandra. Impossible Engineering: Technology and Territoriality on the Canal du Midi. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2009.
  79. Murphy, Caroline E. “Flood Mitigation, Territory, and Time: Girolamo di Pace da Prato in Early Ducal Florence.” In Land Air Sea: Architecture and Environment in the Early Modern Era, edited by Jennifer Ferng and Lauren Jacobi, 81–102. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2024.
  80. Murphy, Caroline E. “Giovanni Botero and the Commercial Waterscape.” Renaissance Quarterly 78, no. 4 (2025): 1167–1201.
  81. Nigrone, Giovanni Antonio. I disegni e i discorsi di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone: “fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua” (1585–1609 ca.), edited by Gaia Bruno and David Gentilcore. 2 vols. Roma: Viella, 2024.
  82. Parrinello, Giacomo and Kondolf, G. Mathias. “The Social Life of Sediment,” Water History 13 (2021): 1–12.
  83. Perelló Ferrer, Antònia Maria. L’arquitectura civil del segle XVII a Barcelona. Barcelona: Publicacions de l’Abadia de Montserrat, 1996.
  84. Petri, Aldo. “Il Memoriale sui fiumi di Girolamo di Pace da Prato.” Archivio Storico Pratese XIX:II (1941): 64–65.
  85. Rajkay, Barbara. “Die Kunst des Machbaren. Die reichsstädtische Wasserwirtschaft.” In Wasser Kunst Augsburg: die Reichsstadt in ihrem Element (catalogue of exhibition at the Maximilianmuseum, Augsburg, 15 Jun to 30 Sep 2018), edited by Christoph Emmendörffer and Christof Trepesch, 68–87. Regensburg: Verlag Schnell & Steiner, 2018.
  86. Raphael, Renée. “Producing Knowledge about Mercury Mining: Local Practices and Textual Tools.” Renaissance Studies 34:1 (2020): 95–118.
  87. Rombai, Leonardo. “La ‘politica delle acque’ in Toscana. Un profilo storico.” In Scienziati idraulici e territorialisti nella Toscana dei Medici e dei Lorena, edited by Danilo Barsanti and Leonardo Rombai, 1–41. Firenze: Centro editoriale toscano, 1994.
  88. Sánchez Martínez, Antonio. “Artesanos, cartografía e imperio. La producción social de un instrumento náutico en el mundo ibérico, 1500-1650.” Historia Crítica 73 (2019): 21–41.
  89. Savoia, Paolo. “Skills, Knowledge, and Status: The Career of an Early Modern Italian Surgeon.” Bulletin of the History of Medicine 93:1 (2019): 27–54.
  90. Shapin, Steven. A Social History of Truth: Civility and Science in Seventeenth-century England. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 1994.
  91. Smith, Christine H. Architecture in the Culture of Early Humanism: Ethics, Aesthetics, and Eloquence, 1400–1470. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1992.
  92. Smith, Pamela. From Lived Experience to the Written Word Reconstructing Practical Knowledge in the Early Modern World. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press, 2022.
  93. Sowina, Urszula. “De l’eau pour la ville: Le Livre Des Fontaines de J. Le Lieur (Rouen 1524–1525).” Études Normandes 2 (2001): 23–36.
  94. Taglialagamba, Sara. “I manoscritti di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone ‘fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua’ nel solco della scienza vinciana.” In Leonardo e il Rinascimento nei codici napoletani. Influenze e modelli per l’architettura e l’ingegneria, edited by Alfredo Buccaro and Mariolina Rascaglia, 85–98. Napoli: Federico II University Press, 2019.
  95. Targioni Tozzetti, Giovanni, Disamina d’alcuni progetti fatti nel secolo XVI per salvar Firenze dalle inondazioni dell’Arno umilmente presentata all’altezza reale del serenissimo Pietro Leopoldo principe reale d’Ungheria e di Boemia Archiduca d’Austria Granduca di Toscana &c. &c. Firenze: Stamperia Granducale per Gaetano Cambiagi, 1767.
  96. Targioni Tozzetti, Giovanni. Relazioni d’alcuni viaggi fatti in diverse parti della Toscana per osservare le produzioni naturali e gli antichi monumenti di essa, 2nd ed., vols. 5 & 8. Firenze: Stamperia Granducale per Gaetano Cambiagi, 1775.
  97. Tchikine, Anatole. “‘L’anima del giardino.’ Water, Gardens, and Hydraulics in Sixteenth-Century Florence and Naples.” In Technology and the Garden: Dumbarton Oaks Colloquium on the History of Landscape Architecture XXXV, edited by Michael G. Lee and Kenneth I. Helphand, 129–153. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks, 2014.
  98. Tchikine, Anatole. “Giovanni Antonio Nigrone, His Fountains, and His Clients: Facts and Fabrications.” In Nigrone, Giovanni Antonio, I disegni e i discorsi di Giovanni Antonio Nigrone: “fontanaro e ingegniero de acqua” (1585–1609 ca.), edited by Gaia Bruno and David Gentilcore. Vol. 2: 179–190. Roma: Viella, 2024.
  99. Tlusty, B. Anne and Mark Häberlein, eds. A Companion to Late Medieval and Early Modern Augsburg. Leiden and Boston: Brill, 2020.
  100. Tomory, Leslie. The History of the London Water Industry, 1580–1820. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2017.
  101. Tuttle, Richard J. The Neptune Fountain in Bologna: Bronze, Marble and Water in the Making of a Papal City. London and Turnhout: Harvey Miller Publishers, 2015.
  102. Vestri, Veronica. “Girolamo di Pace da Prato, ingegnere del duca Cosimo I de’ Medici. Un contributo documentario.” Prato storia e arte 111 (2012): 57–65.
  103. Volpicella, Scipione. Giovan Battista del Tufo illustratore di Napoli del secolo XVI. Napoli: Stamperia della Regia Università, 1880.
  104. Waddell, Brodie. “Writing History from Below: Chronicling and Record-Keeping in Early Modern England.” History Workshop Journal 85 (2018): 239–264.
  105. Zilsel, Edgar. “The Sociological Roots of Science.” American Journal of Sociology 47:4 (1942): 544–562.